Class 10 English – Words and Expressions 2 Unit 5

📝 Section 1 — Language Notes

Unit Overview — Three Parts of Glimpses of India

Part 1: Priya's Bakery — a Portuguese-influenced bakery in Goa
Part 2: Coorg — a hill station famous for coffee and rainforests
Part 3: Tea from Assam — tea estates and their workers
This unit shows India's rich diversity of food, culture, and nature.
The workbook adds reading texts on Parsi food and Araku coffee.

Reading Text 1 — Parsi Food Culture in Delhi

Nowrosji Kapadia loved welcoming Parsi visitors to Delhi.
Parsi families cooked elaborate food at home for festivals.
The writer's grandmother cooked many traditional Parsi dishes.
Examples: malido (halwa), dar ni pori, ravo, dhansak, kheemo
Tea time was dressed up and special in the writer's home.

Reading Text 2 — Araku Coffee, Andhra Pradesh

Araku Valley is 1,200 metres above sea level.
It is located in the north-east corner of Andhra Pradesh.
Coffee was first introduced here in 1898 by a British officer.
Today, 10,986 farmers from 517 villages grow Araku coffee.
The coffee uses bio-dynamic farming for high quality.
Araku coffee is now world famous.

Grammar — Prepositions of Time: for, since, during

for — used with a period of time: "for three years", "for ten minutes"
since — used with a point of time: "since Thursday", "since 2015"
during — used within a specific time period: "during tea time", "during the festival"
Tip: "for" tells duration. "Since" tells start point. "During" tells when.

Grammar — Prepositions of Place

at — a specific point: at the school gate, at the corner
in — inside an enclosed space: in the room, in India
on — on a surface: on the table, on the wall
between — in the space separating two things
among — within a group of three or more

India's Diversity — Key Theme

India has hundreds of languages, food traditions, and art forms.
Parsis brought Persian culture and food to India.
Coorg has a unique martial tradition and coffee culture.
Assam is famous for its world-renowned tea.
Araku Valley tribal farmers now run a global coffee brand.

Expression Meaning in Context

Cajole — to persuade someone by using flattery or gentle pressure
Overruled — when a decision is reversed by a higher authority
Outside catering was unheard of — food was always cooked at home
Gained a healthy respect — came to admire something more deeply
Dainty grandmother — a delicate, light-built old woman

Bio-dynamic Farming — Simple Explanation

It treats the farm as a living system.
Plants, soil, animals, and insects all work together.
No harmful chemicals are used.
This produces healthier, better-tasting crops.
Araku coffee uses bio-dynamic farming for quality.

✏️ Section 3 — Solved Exercises

Exercise 1 — Comprehension: Parsi Food Passage

a "Cajole Parsi visitors off the train" means: to persuade them gently with kind words to come along.

b "Jer Bai was always overruled" means: her objections to unknown visitors were ignored because her husband had the final say.

c "Outside catering was unheard of" means: they never hired outside cooks — all food was made at home.

d "Gained a healthy respect for my dainty grandmother" means: the writer came to admire her grandmother more deeply after realising how physically hard the cooking was.

e Who said "Aavoji, aavo, aavo!"? Nowrosji Kapadia said it. He loved welcoming Parsi visitors from trains and bringing them home.

f Tea time was special because the grandmother dressed up, brought out special biscuits, bhakra, khari, and patrel. It was a tradition the writer still follows.

g "An exhausting exercise" refers to (d) cooking malido, the Parsi-style halwa — it requires great physical effort to stir it properly.

Exercise 2 — Prepositions of Time: for / since / during

1 She has been working here for five years. (duration)

2 I have been waiting since morning. (start point)

3 He fell asleep during the lecture. (within that time)

4 She stayed in Goa for three days. (duration)

5 The shop has been closed since last Tuesday. (start point)

6 My grandmother always dressed up during tea time. (within that period)

Exercise 3 — Araku Coffee Comprehension

1 Araku Valley is located in the north-eastern corner of Andhra Pradesh, about 1,200 metres above sea level, bordering Odisha.

2 The name "Araku" was chosen because it sounded poetic.

3 The coffee is of such high quality because it follows best practices of bio-dynamic farming that creates a living, interconnected ecosystem.

4 Today, Araku works with 517 villages and 10,986 farmers, all of whom are entrepreneurs with a stake in the business.

Exercise 4 — Expression Meaning in Context

1 Cajole: She cajoled her little brother into eating vegetables by telling him it would make him strong.

2 Overruled: Her suggestion was overruled by the committee — they voted the other way.

3 Vouch for: Anyone who has tasted Araku coffee can vouch for its exceptional quality.

4 Extensive: The menu was so extensive that it took an hour to choose.

📋 Section 4 — Word Power

Word	Part of Speech	Meaning	Example Sentence
cajole	verb	to persuade by using gentle flattery	She cajoled her friend into joining the trip.
vouch	verb	to confirm or guarantee something	I can vouch for the quality of his work.
dainty	adjective	delicately small and pretty	She was a dainty woman with a bright smile.
extensive	adjective	large in amount or area	The extensive menu had over 50 items.
overruled	verb	rejected by someone with more authority	Her objection was overruled by the judge.
bio-dynamic	adjective	farming that treats the farm as a living system	Bio-dynamic farming improves soil health naturally.
trajectory	noun	path of development over time	The trajectory of Araku coffee is unusual.
intrinsically	adverb	in an essential or fundamental way	The two issues are intrinsically connected.
traverses	verb	to travel across or through	The road traverses the mountain range.
terroirs	noun	the natural environment of a product (soil, climate, etc.)	The unique terroirs of Araku give the coffee its taste.
entrepreneurs	noun	people who start and run businesses	The tribal farmers became entrepreneurs through Araku coffee.
symbiotic	adjective	of mutual benefit between two different things	A symbiotic ecosystem helps all plants grow together.

📄 Section 5 — Practice

Practice 1 — Fill in Blanks: for, since, or during

1. She has been learning music _______ three years.
2. He has been absent _______ last Monday.
3. They slept _______ the long bus journey.
4. I have not seen her _______ our school reunion.
5. The team practised _______ an hour before the game.

Practice 2 — True or False

1. Araku coffee is grown in Rajasthan. ___
2. Parsi families cooked their own food for festivals. ___
3. Coffee was introduced to Araku Valley in 1898. ___
4. Coorg is located in Assam. ___
5. The word "for" is used with a starting point in time. ___

Practice 3 — Match the Words

1. cajole A. guarantee something is true
2. vouch B. path of growth over time
3. trajectory C. persuade with kind words
4. dainty D. farming as a living system
5. bio-dynamic E. delicately small and pretty

Practice 4 — Grammar: Prepositions of Place

Fill in: at / in / on / between / among

1. Araku Valley is _______ Andhra Pradesh.
2. He waited _______ the bus stop.
3. The book is _______ the table.
4. She is popular _______ her friends.
5. The valley lies _______ two mountain ranges.

Practice 5 — Writing Prompt

Describe a food from your region in 5–6 sentences. What is it called? How is it made? What is special about it? When is it eaten?

Answers to Practice Exercises

Practice 1 Answers: 1. for 2. since 3. during 4. since 5. for

Practice 2 Answers: 1. False (Andhra Pradesh) 2. True 3. True 4. False (Karnataka) 5. False ("since" is used with a starting point — "for" is used with duration)

Practice 3 Answers: 1 – C 2 – A 3 – B 4 – E 5 – D

Practice 4 Answers: 1. in 2. at 3. on 4. among 5. between

🃏 Section 6 — Word Flashcards

cajole

To persuade with gentle words. "He cajoled his sister into sharing her lunch."

for / since / during

FOR = duration. SINCE = start point. DURING = within a named period.

bio-dynamic farming

Treats farm as a living system. No chemicals. All parts of the farm work together.

vouch

To confirm that something is true. "Anyone who ate the food can vouch for its taste."

extensive

Very large in amount. "The Parsi menu was extensive — many dishes were served."

intrinsically

In an essential way. "The coffee's quality is intrinsically linked to the soil and climate."

dainty

Delicate and small. "Her dainty grandmother stirred the heavy halwa for hours."

symbiotic

Mutually beneficial. Bio-dynamic farming creates a symbiotic ecosystem.

Unit 5 — Glimpses of India Words and Expressions 2 • Class 10 • Different Learner Friendly Notes